{"id":5658,"date":"2016-03-02T09:32:49","date_gmt":"2016-03-02T09:32:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ophiropt.com\/blog\/laser-measurement\/?p=5658"},"modified":"2024-06-20T06:30:05","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T06:30:05","slug":"how-to-measure-very-low-power-infrared-lasersupdate-and-femtowatt-lasers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ophiropt.com\/blog\/how-to-measure-very-low-power-infrared-lasersupdate-and-femtowatt-lasers\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Measure Very Low Power Infrared Lasers[Update] And femtowatt lasers!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Updated March 2016: I made a few changes to this post now that the new low power RM9-PD is available.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

There are many different types of lasers.[citation needed]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

UV, visible, infrared, Terahertz.<\/p>\n

Nanowatts, milliwatts, kilowatts.<\/p>\n

Lasers for industry, laser for medicine, lasers for telecommunication.<\/p>\n

Every laser system has a purpose.\u00a0 The laser must be measured to ensure it functions properly and fulfills its goal (be it cutting steel, correcting ones vision, or communicating information at high speeds.)<\/p>\n

There are two main technologies used to measure laser power:<\/p>\n

Low power (pW, nW, \u03bcW) lasers are measured with photodiodes and higher power ones (milliwatts to kilowatts) are measured with thermal laser power meters.<\/p>\n

However, neither of these provides a solution for low power in the mid- and far-infrared areas.\u00a0 Silicon photodiodes are usually only good up to around 1.1\u00a0\u03bcm, and Germanium detectors can extend this to about 1.8 \u03bcm.\u00a0 Past this, however, there are fewer solutions.<\/p>\n

Lasers that we can measure<\/strong><\/p>\n

This graph contains (almost) all the power sensors Ophir has: thermal sensors cover the blue area and photodiodes are in the red box.\u00a0 You can see that there is significant overlap between them (PDs can measure up to a few Watts, and some thermal sensors can measure microwatts).\u00a0 However, there are also significant gaps: mainly in the low power IR realm, but also in the deep UV (below 200 nm):<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

How can we bridge the gap?<\/strong><\/p>\n

One option is to start employing specialized photodiodes that have a response to these wavelengths.\u00a0 However, this tends to increase the cost significantly.<\/p>\n

And unnecessarily \u2013 because there\u2019s another solution.\u00a0 Pyroelectric crystals can be used for all infrared wavelengths, as well as UV, visible, and even Terahertz.<\/p>\n

But wait.\u00a0 Aren\u2019t pyroelectric sensors used to measure energy?\u00a0 We\u2019re trying to measure power.<\/p>\n

True, but we can take a CW beam and convert it to a pulsed one by using a chopper.\u00a0 Then we measure its energy and convert it to power based on the known chopping frequency:<\/p>\n

P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/em>E\u00a0\u00d7 f<\/em><\/p>\n

(Average power equals energy times frequency.)<\/p>\n

What\u2019s more is we can filter out any radiation that isn\u2019t pulsing or is pulsing at a different frequency.\u00a0 This greatly reduces our noise and allows us to measure lasers below 100 nW.<\/p>\n

Lasers that we can measure: The full picture (updated)<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The graph below shows a more complete picture of the wavelengths and powers that Ophir sensors can measure.\u00a0 Note I also added the THz region for completeness.\u00a0 Theoretically the RM9 can be extended to work at THz wavelengths, but this is currently still in the testing and development stage.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

You might notice that the RM9 does not completely cover the gap displayed above.\u00a0 The RM9 measures below 100 nW, which is a significant improvement on regular thermal sensors, but certainly a far cry from the tens of picowatts detectable by photodiodes.\u00a0 (And by \u201cfar cry,\u201d I mean five orders of magnitude.)<\/p>\n

Update<\/em><\/span>:<\/em> A year after the original RM9 was released, we now have a photodiode version, RM9-PD.\u00a0 Its wavelength range is smaller than the RM9 since it uses a Silicon detector, but its sensitivity far surpasses even ordinary photodiodes.\u00a0 Whereas our most sensitive photodiode sensor can measure down to 10\u00a0pW, the RM9-PD can measure 0.3 pW, or 300 fW lasers.\u00a0 Here\u2019s the new \u201ccomplete picture of Ophir wavelength\/power coverage.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Of course, there\u2019s still room for improvement.\u00a0 Especially in the THz region where most sources are very low in power, we will continue to look for new technologies (and improve our current ones) to provide solutions for you, whatever your laser or other light source.<\/p>\n

So, I look forward to one day being able to change the chart to this:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Well maybe not quite.<\/p>\n

But I can dream, right?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Flickr creative commons image via Timitrius<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Updated March 2016: I made a few changes to this post now that the new low power RM9-PD is available.<\/p>\n

There are many different types of lasers.[citation needed]<\/p>\n

UV, visible, infrared, Terahertz.<\/p>\n

Nanowatts, milliwatts, kilowatts.<\/p>\n

Lasers for industry, laser for medicine, lasers for telecommunication.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8503,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[388,5],"tags":[33,62],"ophirposttype":[349],"class_list":["post-5658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy-sensors-en","category-laser-power-energy-measurement","tag-ir","tag-power-measurement","ophirposttype-blogpost-en"],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Measure Very Low Power Infrared Lasers[Update] And femtowatt lasers! - Ophir Photonics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Updated March 2016: I made a few changes to this post now that the new low power RM9-PD is available. 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