{"id":5305,"date":"2015-09-16T02:00:23","date_gmt":"2015-09-16T02:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ophiropt.com\/blog\/laser-measurement\/?p=5305"},"modified":"2024-09-19T09:15:18","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T09:15:18","slug":"qa-m-squared-laser-beam-quality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ophiropt.com\/blog\/qa-m-squared-laser-beam-quality\/","title":{"rendered":"Q&A: M-Squared Laser Beam Quality"},"content":{"rendered":"

What\u2019s M-Squared, again?<\/h2>\n

If you\u2019re not familiar with M2<\/sup><\/a> already, it basically sums up your laser beam quality in a single number.<\/p>\n

M2<\/sup><\/a> takes a look at your beam caustic (the curve of the laser beam as it focuses and diverges again) and compares this to an ideal Gaussian beam caustic.<\/p>\n

So, if your beam is perfectly Gaussian, you\u2019ll get M2<\/sup> = 1.\u00a0 For high quality beams, M2<\/sup> might be 1.1 or 1.2, for lower qualities you can get up to 3, 4 and even double digits for some low quality high power lasers.<\/p>\n

So, how do you know what the M2<\/sup> of your laser beam really is?\u00a0<\/p>\n

Measuring M-Squared to Assure Laser Beam Quality<\/h2>\n

There are few different methods, but the basic idea is you must measure the laser beam width at several points along the beam\u2019s path through a focal point.\u00a0 Then software can be used to analyze these points, draw a beam caustic, and compare it with an ideal Gaussian to calculate M2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

In the case of the M2-200s M2<\/sup> measurement system, this is carried out by a CCD camera attached to an optical train which moves the camera with respect to a focusing optic, to take measurements at all the necessary positions. \u00a0Similarly, the NanoModeScan moves a scanning slit profiler through the beam caustic on an optical train to obtain orthogonal measurements along the beam path. \u00a0There are two other products which measure M2<\/sup> in an instant. \u00a0The MS-1780 uses a series of mirrors to image several 2D profiles along the caustic to provide an immediate M2<\/sup> measurement. \u00a0The BeamWatch product images a multi-kilowatt industrial laser beam\u2019s caustic from two orthogonal sides and can give an M2<\/sup> measurement instantly in two axes.<\/p>\n

\"Beam<\/p>\n

All this is to say that M2<\/sup>\u00a0measurement can be a little complicated.\u00a0 Here are a few tips to help you get the most, based on some customer questions we\u2019ve gotten recently:<\/p>\n

M-Squared Q&A<\/h2>\n

Q: How can I maintain high repeatability from one bench calibration to the next?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A: You should try to use consistent optical setups, enable statistics and remove outliers.\u00a0 (You can remove them automatically with the M2-200s software.)\u00a0 Also, an optical table will be useful to minimize vibrations.\u00a0 With the M2-200s, you should be able to achieve reproducibility of all parameters within 5%, except for beam waist location, which is \u00b112%.<\/p>\n

Q: What is the optimal beam size for M2<\/sup> measurements?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A: The beam should be as collimated as possible with an unfocused diameter of 1-10 mm.\u00a0 This will allow the focused beam waist to cover at least 20×20 pixels on the camera, which yields a fair resolution.<\/p>\n

Q: What is the optimal laser power for M2<\/sup> measurements?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A: Power of the laser should be on the order of milliwatts or less.\u00a0 If the camera saturates, add attenuation.\u00a0 Be careful to make sure that the focused power density is below the camera\u2019s damage threshold.<\/p>\n

Q: What is the noise of M2<\/sup> measurements?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A: It depends which beam width calculation method is used (there are several \u2013 see the Beam Width Measurement Accuracy article<\/a> for more on that).\u00a0 The D4\u03c3 method, which is the ISO standard and default in our software, is most sensitive to noise.\u00a0 You can use the knife edge (90\/10) technique to increase accuracy.<\/p>\n

Q: How can I avoid smearing (where one axis is very different from the other)?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A: Smearing (or blooming) is a hardware glitch that occurs when the laser light leaks through the CCD and affects the layers underneath the Silicon.\u00a0 This usually happens with longer wavelengths in the NIR range.\u00a0 Adding exposure typically minimizes this effect.\u00a0 (Make sure to reduce the laser power or add more attenuation when lengthening exposure time.) \u00a0The M2-200s has recently been updated with a new USB camera which further minimizes this blooming phenomenon. \u00a0If you are still experiencing this problem, fill out an RMA and we\u2019ll try to get you a better camera.<\/p>\n

I hope this will give you a jump-start on your M-Squared measurement mission.\u00a0 If you have other questions, leave a comment!<\/p>\n

For the latest version of this article please go to:\u00a0https:\/\/bit.ly\/4dZA5SV<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What\u2019s M-Squared, again?<\/p>\n

If you\u2019re not familiar with M2 already, it basically sums up your laser beam quality in a single number.<\/p>\n

M2 takes a look at your beam caustic (the curve of the laser beam as it focuses and diverges again) and compares this to an ideal Gaussian beam caustic.<\/p>\n

So if your beam is perfectly Gaussian, you\u2019ll get M2 = 1. For high quality beams, M2 might be 1.1 or 1.2, for lower qualities you can get up to 3, 4 and even double digits for some low quality high power lasers.<\/p>\n

So, how do you know what the M2 of your laser beam really is? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8529,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,3],"tags":[16,54],"ophirposttype":[],"class_list":["post-5305","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faqs","category-laser-beam-analysis","tag-beam-profiling","tag-m-squared"],"yoast_head":"\nQ&A: M-Squared Laser Beam Quality - 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