{"id":3552,"date":"2014-05-08T11:14:10","date_gmt":"2014-05-08T11:14:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ophiropt.com\/blog\/laser-measurement\/?p=3552"},"modified":"2026-03-15T10:29:14","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T10:29:14","slug":"what-is-an-nd-filter-how-you-should-and-shouldnt-use-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ophiropt.com\/blog\/what-is-an-nd-filter-how-you-should-and-shouldnt-use-it\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is an ND Filter? How You Should (and Shouldn\u2019t) Use It"},"content":{"rendered":"

Short answer: A neutral density attenuator.<\/p>\n

Meaning?<\/p>\n

Long(er) answer: A filter that attenuates all wavelengths equally.\u00a0 Well, that\u2019s an ideal ND filter<\/a>, anyway.\u00a0 A real one affects different wavelength differently, but the difference is kept to a minimum.<\/p>\n

In any case, for our purposes an ND filter is your CCD laser beam profiler\u2019s first line of defense.\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Laser Beam Profiler with Two ND Filters Installed<\/strong><\/p>\n

If your laser power is too high for the CCD (meaning it\u2019s more than a couple of \u03bcW\/cm2<\/sup>.\u00a0 Yeah, CCDs are very<\/em> sensitive), ND filters are the most basic solution.\u00a0 In fact, they are so commonly used that Ophir sends three with all its camera profilers.<\/p>\n

But we\u2019re getting ahead of ourselves.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Stackable ND Filters (Different colors are different ND values)<\/strong><\/p>\n

ND filter \u2013 the basics:<\/strong><\/p>\n

The first question I ask myself when looking at any attenuating device is, \u201cWhere does the laser beam energy all go?\u201d<\/p>\n

There are generally up to three answers: reflected, absorbed, transmitted.<\/p>\n

For ND filters, there is little or no reflection, so most of the laser is absorbed and some of it is transmitted \u2013 as an attenuated form of the original beam.<\/p>\n

How much does an ND filter attenuate?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Here\u2019s the formula for NDx (e.g., ND1, ND2, etc.):<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

where x is the ND value, Iin<\/sub> is the intensity input to the filter, and Iout<\/sub> is the attenuated laser intensity.<\/p>\n

But this chart of the common ND values should save you some time:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ND<\/td>\n\n

% Transmitted<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

% Attenuated<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

0.3<\/td>\n\n

50.00%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

50.00%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

0.7<\/td>\n\n

20.00%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

80.00%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1 (red)<\/td>\n\n

10.00%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

90.00%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

2 (black)<\/td>\n\n

1.00%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

99.00%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

3 (green)<\/td>\n\n

0.10%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

99.90%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

4<\/td>\n\n

0.01%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

99.99%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Bear in mind that these values do vary somewhat over different wavelengths, so you might find these graphs useful:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Graph of ND Filter Transmission by Wavelength<\/strong><\/p>\n

(These particular ND filters are clearly not intended for UV lasers.\u00a0 Ophir has a separate set of filters designed for those wavelengths.)<\/p>\n

Filter Damage Threshold<\/strong><\/p>\n

So, hopefully the filter can stand more laser power than the CCD itself, but does it also have a limit?<\/p>\n

Of course.\u00a0 Everything does, you know.<\/p>\n

Ophir\u2019s ND filters can withstand laser intensities up to 50 W\/cm2<\/sup>.\u00a0 However, we do not recommend using it above 5 W\/cm2<\/sup> to avoid thermal lensing, where the heat is sufficient to distort the filter, turning it into a lens.<\/p>\n

Assuming you don\u2019t want thermal lensing (which you don\u2019t), you can\u2019t use these filters if your laser beam power density is above 5 W\/cm2<\/sup>.\u00a0 Or can you?<\/p>\n

What if you do have a very high power density laser?\u00a0 You\u2019ll probably either need to use a beam splitter or a beam expander to lower the power density before it gets to the filters.\u00a0 But you will likely want to use ND filters, too.\u00a0 Stay tuned for a post on these other attenuators.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Short answer: A neutral density attenuator. Meaning? Long(er) answer: A filter that attenuates all wavelengths equally.\u00a0 Well, that\u2019s an ideal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8625,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[86,21],"ophirposttype":[349],"class_list":["post-3552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-laser-beam-analysis","tag-accessories-beam","tag-cameras","ophirposttype-blogpost-en"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat Is an ND Filter? 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